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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Sony Alpha NEX-C3 Camera

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The Sony Alpha NEX-C3 is a 16.2-megapixel digital camera that is smaller and lighter than its predecessor despite having an improved resolution and ability to provide impressive images even in low-light environment; this is possible with the removal flash in addition to technologies almost comparable to a D-SLR.

But just like its predecessors, the digital camera has interchangeable lens (18-55mm zoom lens or 16mm pancake prime lens) and pop-up flash.
The 2.4 x 4.4 x 1.3 inches (HWD) camera weighs 9.8 ounces, lighter than most of its rivals with almost the same size and features.  The standard 18-55mm kit zoom lens is almost the same size and weight of D-SLR’s (7 ounces and 2.4 x 2.5-inch body), while the 16mm pancake prime lens weighs just 2.4 ounces.

In terms of speed, the NEX-C3 can compete with most D-SLRs with its ability to take initial shot in 1.5 seconds.  And when it is set to focus, the camera averages approximately 0.5 second between pushing the shutter button and taking the shot.
The camera’s image sharpness and noise greatly vary on the lens, aperture setting, and focal length.  But when tested with 18-55mm kit zoom lens with its widest aperture used, the image is still sharp, although reducing the “opening” so there will be less light to pass through can deliver better and sharper photos.
Alternatively, the image quality of 16mm f/2.8 prime lens is relatively soft around the edges particularly when the maximum aperture is used (not surprisingly for a wide-angle design).
While the camera has no eye-level viewfinder, at least it has a 3-inch articulating rear LCD which can display 921,600 dots, resulting to an extremely sharp image.  And because the display panel provides enough brightness, glaring is not a problem when it is used outdoor.
Because of the tilting mechanism of the LCD, it can be displayed upward while holding the camera to waist level.  This results to a steadier shot since the gadget is held closer to the body’s center of gravity.
The NEX-C3, which has a polycarbonate plastic body, boasts easy-to-navigate menu system in addition to some impressive settings and image technologies including Anti-Motion Blur (for low-light environment) and Sweep Panorama which captures a series of photos while a person pans the camera.

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