Featured Post

High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

on
Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
2

P-N diode applications

on

An ideal P-N junction diode is of two terminal polarity sensitive device that has zero resistance ( i.e diode conducts)when it is forward biased and infinite resistance( i.e diode does not conduct) when reverse biased. Because of this property the diode finds use in many applications as enumerated below:

1.       As rectifier in dc power supplies.
2.       In demodulation or detector circuits.
3.       In clamping networks employed as dc restorers in TV receivers  and  voltage multipliers.
4.       In clipping circuits used as wave shaping circuits in computers, radars, radio and TV receivers.
5.       As switches in digital logical circuits.

The same PN junction with different doping concentrations finds special applications as follows:

1.       As zener  diodes  in voltage regulators, peak clippers, in switching operation.
2.       As tunnel diodes as a relaxation oscillator at microwave frequencies.
3.       As light emitting diodes(LEDs) in digital displays.
4.       As LASER diodes in optical communications.
5.       As varactor diodes in tuning  sections of radio and TV receivers.
6.       As detectors(PIN photodiode) in optical communication circuits.

Comments

Post a Comment